![]() The quantity GM-the product of the gravitational constant and the mass of a given astronomical body such as the Sun or Earth-is known as the standard gravitational parameter (also denoted μ). Since 2012, the AU is defined as 1.495 978 707 ×10 11 m exactly, and the equation can no longer be taken as holding precisely. ![]() Definition Īccording to Newton's law of universal gravitation, the magnitude of the attractive force ( F) between two point-like bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses, m 1 and m 2, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance, r, directed along the line connecting their centers of mass: The first implicit measurement with an accuracy within about 1% is attributed to Henry Cavendish in a 1798 experiment. The modern notation of Newton's law involving G was introduced in the 1890s by C. In SI units, its value is approximately 6.674 ×10 −11 m 3⋅kg −1⋅s −2. The measured value of the constant is known with some certainty to four significant digits. In the Einstein field equations, it quantifies the relation between the geometry of spacetime and the energy–momentum tensor (also referred to as the stress–energy tensor). In Newton's law, it is the proportionality constant connecting the gravitational force between two bodies with the product of their masses and the inverse square of their distance. The gravitational constant (also known as the universal gravitational constant, the Newtonian constant of gravitation, or the Cavendish gravitational constant), denoted by the capital letter G, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. The gravitational constant G is a key quantity in Newton's law of universal gravitation. ![]()
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